Ancient Greece And Ancient Egypt Essay - 2265 Words

Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt were both extremely prevalent societies between the times of 750 BCE and 450 BCE. For Greece, this includes a majority of what was considered the Archaic Age. During this time Greece was divided into many separate cities that each had their own distinct personality. For example, Spartans believed â€Å"it was deeds, not words, that counted† and â€Å"they organized their whole style of life around the demands of battle-readiness.† On the other hand, you have a city like Athens that was considered the mother of democracy and consisted of a culture focused on wisdom, freedom, and equality. During the start of this time period in Egypt, the area falls under Kushite rule. Regardless of being under new rule, the ancient Egyptian culture and religion persisted because the people of Kush incorporated the two cultures to strengthen the society. In fact, rulers and elites wore Egyptian clothing, followed Egyptian burial practices, and, most importantly, professed devotion to Egyptian gods. Both Greece and Egypt were very impacted by their religions and are still studied to this day as mythology. Both of their religions were based around the idea of polytheism and often their many gods would serve as an explanation to the unknown of the world. They would often embody forces of nature and explain things like the seasons, the rising and setting of the sun, and even naturally occurring disasters. As a result of trying to explain so many things, there areShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece903 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece† According to history there existed two of many important ancient civilizations that left a significant mark in the history of human development that even today leaves modern society in awe of its greatness. In spite of being distant civilizations, Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece share similarities and difference in terms of how they practiced religion,political structure, everyday life style, and how they built the monumental architectures that continued to amazeRead MoreSimilarities Between Ancient Egypt And Ancient Greece1103 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Egypt (3000 BCE – 30 BCE) and Ancient Greece (1200 BCE – 146 BCE) based their entire lives around their religious beliefs. These beliefs led to their religious practices which were included in every aspect of their lives. Since ancient Greece’s and ancient Egypt’s beliefs differ greatly, endless differences can be shown between their religious practices. However, between the two cultures, many surpri sing similarities can be seen in these religious practices despite the tremendous differencesRead MoreWomen in Ancient Egypt and Greece1311 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Ancient Egypt and Greece By Morgan L. Harvey Throughout history women have faced many struggles in gaining equality with men. Freedoms and boundaries have been dependent upon the time period, rulers, religions and civilization. Ancient Greek women and Ancient Egyptian women were both equal to men as far as the law was concerned in certain areas; however, their equalities were different in the sense that Greek women were married out of necessity and viewed as property while EgyptianRead MoreMedicine in Ancient Egypt vs Ancient Greece Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesAncient civilizations played a massive role in how physicians today practice medicine. Without the ideas of ancient Egypt and ancient Greece, modern medicine may have been different. I feel that these two civilizations are responsible for many diagnostic tools we use today. I will be comparing and contrasting the medicinal practices of ancient Egypt and ancient Greece. By reading various papyri we are able to dive into the Egyptian practice of medicine. These papyri explore various illnesses andRead MoreRole of Women in Ancient Greece and Egypt2493 Words   |  10 PagesThe Role of Women in Ancient Greece and Egypt Throughout history, most societies held women in an inferior status compared to that of men. This was often justified as being the natural result of biological differences between the sexes. In many societies, for example, people believed women to be more emotional and less decisive than men. Women were also viewed to be less intelligent and less creative by nature. However, research shows that women and men have the same range of emotional, intellectualRead MoreMesopotamian Society : Ancient Egypt And Greece1207 Words   |  5 Pages Civilizations like Egypt and Greece have received their due acknowledgment by society, it is however Mesopotamia that often does not get there just recognition for their contributions to civilization as we know it. In this paper, we will reflect on Mesopotamian society in hopes to illuminate its significance to the constructs of western society. In order to fully appreciate what Mesopotamia has contributed, it should be understood how exactly it was formed. Years before any dynasty, peopleRead MorePhysical Fitness : Ancient Greece And Egypt1114 Words   |  5 PagesEmma Shepard Mrs. Nagel Physical Fitness 2 December 2016 Badminton originated in Ancient Greece and Egypt, but they knew it as battledore and shuttlecock. At this time rules weren’t written in hard ink, it was just a game played by children for fun. The bat was called the battledore, and the birdie was known as the shuttlecock. Players were supposed to hit the shuttlecock with the bat and keep it in the air as long as possible, and the object of the game was to keep it from touching the ground. BadmintonRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece812 Words   |  4 Pages806 Compare and Contrast Essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece There are many mysteries to life, ancient civilizations created religion to explain these mysteries. Many ancient civilizations believed in religions that worshiped more than one god or goddess, this is called polytheism. Both the Ancient Egyptians and the Ancient Greeks practiced polytheism. For both ancient civilizations religion was an important part of daily life. Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Greeks had similar creation storiesRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece2939 Words   |  12 PagesCompare and contrast essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece The ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek civilizations are two of the oldest known civilizations in our history. The Egyptian civilization, based in the eastern part of North Africa, is believed to have started around 3150 BC and continued till the end of the Pharaoh rule in 31 BC. The ancient Greek civilization is believed to have been in effect from 1100 BC till about 146 BC. Many similarities and differences existed between these two civilizationsRead MoreSimilarities in the Artwork of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece941 Words   |  4 Pages The artworks of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece have similarities that not only reflect objects and images, but also the media, style and representation. These countries were not always wealthy, clever, creative and powerful enough to gain supplies, but they all find a way to create art with what they had. They have all influenced on each other’s cultures and belief through their artistic values and ways, ranging from the materials and tools they use, position

Different Concepts Of Hinduism As A Religion - 1922 Words

Hinduism is one of the oldest culture and spiritual traditions in the world. While many may conceptualize Hinduism as being a religion it is not in the sense that we Westerners may think of it as, comparing it to Christianity or Islam. It can be better compared to a set of codes that hundreds of millions of people all over the world practice. This code of life is better known as Dharma to these adherents. Practitioners hold themselves to these rules and rituals that in the end they believe will bring them to the three things that people want most: a sense of being, knowledge and joy. Worldly possessions and pleasures are not entirely rejected within this religion, just as long as they are acquired and enjoyed within the context of life, knowledge and joy. The sense of being that is discussed is a Hindu’s atman; this can be compared to the way in which one might associate one’s own soul. Three concepts of Hinduism will be discussed within this paper: karma, the yogic pat hs, and the caste system. These are three ideas of Hinduism that are separate practices yet can be used ideally together in order to achieve what a person truly wants. A person’s karma, or their actions are usually decided depending on the yogic pathway an adherent chooses to follow; these actions will transcend the practitioner to their chosen caste system, from here the process goes on. These three concepts would not work alone without the other, the main purpose of Hindu traditions is to diminish bad karmaShow MoreRelatedChristianity and Hinduism1601 Words   |  6 Pagesand Hinduism are two of the world’s largest religions that hold very different ideologies. In the following essay, I will compare my own religion- Hinduism- with Christianity; a religion that has fascinated me for a very long time. Christianity is the world’s largest religion, originating in the Middle East in the first century. It has more than 2 billion followers, from all over the world. Christianity is a monotheistic religion, having originated from Judaism, also a monotheistic religion. ThisRead MoreThe Comparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions1149 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions The Comparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions By Christa Dunwoody Abstract The differences between Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions are many. The primary difference of beliefs is that Abrahamic Religion believes that there is one God. Hinduism beliefs vary being Pantheistic, monotheistic and polytheistic it is one of the most complex religions of the world. In the comparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religion differ on their concept of GodRead MoreThe Star Wars Trilogy Essay742 Words   |  3 PagesWars Trilogy always have one thing that is stated: the Force. The Force is an unlimited power that is in every living objects. As exciting as that sounds, the idea of the Force has been created out of many religions. The idea of the Force came from different religion such as: Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity Taoism is related in the Force because the Force was viewed as energy around everything. When Obi-Wan told Luke that he should let go of his sight and follow the instincts to guardRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Buddhism995 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Hinduism and Buddhism There are more than seven billion people living across the world and about 19 major religions with about 270 subgroups. In many states and countries, there are two or more religions that are being practiced by its residents. Hinduism and Buddhism are two of the 19 major religions, that are widely practiced. Hinduism and Buddhism both have common origins, and share similar beliefs. Both Hinduism and Buddhism are religions that focus on the way to liveRead MoreHumanities 130 Hinduism Paper733 Words   |  3 PagesHinduism Paper HUMANITIES 130 Hinduism is a diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils (GodWeb,  n.d.). In this paper I will further explore what the Hindu religion is encompassed of. And delve into what makes the religion of HinduismRead MoreUnderstanding the Practices of Hinduism Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is a powerful yet sensitive subject in many parts of the world. It is powerful in the sense that it gives a person comfort in their beliefs and practices. A particular religion that reflects the acceptance of a person’s own beliefs and practices would be Hinduism. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions that exist in our world today. It is widely practiced all over the world, especially in the west. Sometimes Hinduism can b e misunderstood, as some people don’t really know how to interpretRead MoreHinduism and Buddhism: History and Modern Appeal1696 Words   |  7 Pagesestablished religions, Hinduism and Buddhism have their similarities, as well as differences. Both religions are practiced in Southeast Asia, starting in India and have influenced each other. Hinduism dates back to 5,000 years ago, while Buddhism was created three centuries ago. I will explore what the two religions share and what separates the two from one another covering the origins, number of followers, the texts used, and the belief system followed. Origin of Hinduism Hinduism is one ofRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Buddhism948 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Hinduism and Buddhism came from the region called India. Hinduism was the dominant one in the subcontinent, while Buddhism had to flee to other regions to spread its belief to the people. The creation of Hinduism will eventually give birth to Buddhism later on. Even though both â€Å"religions† came from the same region, they have some similarities and differences between them. Hinduism from the start was a combination of different beliefs or ceremonies from the Indus Valley Civilization. All ofRead MoreThe Goals of Hinduism and Buddhism Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages2. Hinduism and Buddhism are traditions that originated from the Vedic sacrifice practice, and they share a common foundation in their view of existence. What are the similarities, and very importantly, the differences in their respective focuses and goals? Also included in this topic: For a time, Buddhism became a dominant tradition in much of India, but then Hinduism rose to become the dominant tradition. There are relatively few Buddhists in India today, especially in comparison to the numberRead MoreThe Concept Of Hinduism And Buddhism1513 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM Hinduism is often called one of the oldest living religions or oldest living major traditions amongst other religions still being practiced currently, this is due to the fact that certain elements within Hinduism stretches back for thousands of years. Hinduism is often referred to as â€Å"Sanatana Dharma†, a Sanskrit phrase meaning â€Å"the eternal law†. Also, it does not have a single definition mostly because it holds a vast array of beliefs and also

Pestel Analysis On Dabur Company Essay Example For Students

Pestel Analysis On Dabur Company Essay Outline1 Introduction:2 PESTEL ANALYSIS ON DABUR INDUSTRY:3 Political Factor:4 Economic Factor:5 SOCIO-CULTURAL Factor:6 Technological Factor:7 Environmental FACTORS:8 Legal Factors: Introduction: The Dabur company was established in 1884, a immature physician armed with a grade in medical specialty and a combustion desire to function world. This immature adult male, Dr. S.K. Burman, laid the foundations of what is today known as Dabur India Limited. The trade name name Dabur is derived from the words ‘Da ‘ for ‘Daktar ‘ or ‘Doctor ‘ and ‘bur ‘ from Burman. From those low beginnings, the company has grown into India ‘s prima maker of consumer health care, personal attention and nutrient merchandises. Over its 125 old ages of being, the Dabur trade name has stood for goodness through a natural life style. An umbrella name for a assortment of merchandises, runing from hair attention to honey, Dabur has systematically ranked among India ‘s top trade names. Its trade names are built on the foundation of trust that a Dabur offering will ne’er do anyone slightest of injury. The trust degrees that this trade name enjoys are phenomenally high. Dabur India Limited has marked its presence with important accomplishments and today commands a market leading position. There narrative of success is based on dedication to nature, corporate and process hygiene, dynamic leading and committedness to their spouses and stakeholders. The consequences of their policies and enterprises speak for them. The company has kept an oculus on new coevalss of clients with a scope of merchandises that cater to a modern life style, while pull offing non to estrange earlier coevalss of loyal clients. Dabur India Limited is the 4th largest FMCG Company in India and Dabur had a turnover ofapproximately US $ 750 Million ( Rs. 3390.9 Crore FY 09-10 ) A ; Market Capitalisation of over US $ 3.5 Billion ( Rs 15500 Crore ) .Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real are the trade names of Dabur. Dabur is an investor friendly trade name as its fiscal public presentation shows. The company ‘s growing rate rose from 10 % to 40 % . The expected growing rate for two old ages was two-fold. There is an copiousness of information for its investors and prospective information including a day-to-day update on the portion monetary value ( something that really few Indian trade names do ). There ‘s a great sense of duty for investors ‘ financess on position. This is a direct extension of Dabur ‘s doctrine of taking attention of its components and it adds to the sense of trust for the trade name overall. The company, through Dabur Pharma Ltd. does toxicology trials and markets ayurvedic medical specialties in a scientific mode. They have researched new medical specialties which will happen usage in O.T. all over the state therein opening a new market. Dabur Foods, a subordinate of Dabur India is anticipating to turn at 25 % . Its trade names of juices, viz. , Real and Active, together do it the market leader in the Fruit Juice Category. PESTEL ANALYSIS ON DABUR INDUSTRY: Political Factor: Government intervences: Government support the industry to spread out amp ; to export it ‘s merchandises A ; to turn. Trading policies: Trading policies are besides favorable for dabur company so it can export it ‘s merchandises A ; it besides help him to spread out amp ; to turn. Economic Factor: Consumer focal point: they are continuously concentrating on analyzing the consumer needs A ; develop merchandises to carry through at that place needs. This is the chief ground for the growing of Dabur company. Populating criterion: Rise in the living criterion of people have increased their production degree, A ; produce high quality A ; assortment of merchandises. .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 , .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .postImageUrl , .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 , .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173:hover , .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173:visited , .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173:active { border:0!important; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173:active , .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173 .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd1447132d27551602a62f107bf15173:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Genome Project 2 EssayNational income: National income is of import factor as if affect the growing of the administration. If per capita income is more the sum spend will be more A ; if it will be lower the sum spent will be less. Inflation rate: Inflation means the rise in the value of all the merchandise in the economic system, if rising prices rate is higher the cost of merchandises will be higher amp ; if rising prices rate is lower the cost of merchandise will be lower. This straight affect the growing of the organisation. SOCIO-CULTURAL Factor: Demographics: Demographics is the survey of human population in the economic system. It helps the organzation to split the markets in different sections to aim a big of clients. For Example- harmonizing to race, age, gender, household, faith, A ; sex. Distribution of income: This shows that how income is distributed in the ecconomy. It straight affect the buying power of the purchasers. And finally leads to increase or diminish in the ingestion degree of the merchandises. Consumerism: This indicates that a big figure of options are available while buying of goods to consumers, so the pick becomes easy A ; quality merchandises can be choose by consumers. So while buying a consumer have different picks to choose merchandise harmonizing to his demands. Education degrees: Education is one of the most of import factor which influence the purchasing power of consumer, while choosing a peculiar good a consumer should cognize all it ‘s characteristics so it can distinguish them with another merchandises. Law affect societal behavior: Different Torahs are made by the authorities to safe guard the rights of consumers. For example- Consumer protection act, this jurisprudence indicates that a consumer can register a instance against a marketer if he finds that he is cheated. Technological Factor: Discoveries A ; invention: Continuous invention in merchandises A ; processes is the footing of there services. They provide consumers with advanced merchandises within easy reach Construct a platform to enable Dabur to go a planetary ayurvedic leader. Promotion in engineering: Focus on turning there nucleus trade names across classs, making out to new geographicss, within and outside India, and better operational efficiencies by leveraging engineering. Automation: Change in engineering will take to mechanization, this means that with new engineering labor required is less as machines are automatic. All the plants are done automatically by the machines as earlier it is labour oriented. Now all the work is machine oriented. Obselete rate: Daily new innovations are made so the rate of obselete is higher, as in Computer LAPTOPS have replaced the Personal computer. This shows that the engineering becomes obselete really fast. Research A ; development: This section plays a critical function in the development of the organisation. As this section ever do research that what are the demand of the markets A; how to do promotions so the organisation can last in the competitory universe. Environmental FACTORS: Environment ordinances: The preferable company to run into the wellness and personal training demands of there mark consumers with safe, efficacious, natural solutions by synthesising the deep cognition of Ayurveda and herbs with modern scientific discipline. Environmental protection: Responsible company to protect Ecological system A ; utilize Eco-friendly merchandises. Legal Factors: Companies jurisprudence: The company carry through all the Company jurisprudence demand so as to turn amp ; develop amp ; to prolong in the compitative market. Employment jurisprudence: Employment jurisprudence provides equal chances to every citizen to work amp ; gain his support. It provides equal chances to every citizen. Consumer protection: This jurisprudence helps to protect the rights of consumers A; he can register a instance against marketer if he find that he is cheated. .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f , .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .postImageUrl , .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f , .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f:hover , .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f:visited , .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f:active { border:0!important; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f:active , .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33698296edddb90f77fb5c36ca36737f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Security EssayIndustry-specific ordinances: These Torahs are related to industry for example- no industry can set up in between metropoliss i.e. it should be outside the metropoliss.

Saint Francis Of Assisi Essays (646 words) - Franciscan Spirituality

Saint Francis of Assisi By Msgr. Leon Cristiani This biography had a lot of information on St. Francis of Assisi. He was a very generous man who founded the Friars. Along the way he accomplished many good deeds. He gave all that he had to the poor so that they could live a better life. The only things he needed were food, shelter, and companionship. St. Francis of Assisi was born in September of the year 1182. He was born to a rich merchant named Pietro di Bernardone. In 1202 he was held prisoner for several months over a dispute between Assisi and Perugia. This was followed by a period of illness. He didn't like the way his life was going so he turned to prayer and service for the poor. In 1206 he officially turned down his fathers fortune. To help bring his life to good he decided to become a hermit. This attracted many followers. He preached about the idea of having a simple life of following the Gospels. When Pope Innocent III found out about his good works Francis was ordained a deacon. His followers increased in population and were called friars, which is a lower form of Francis' name. In 1212 he got help from Saint Clare and established a branch for women called the Poor Clares. In 1221 Francis made a new edition for the lay people called the Third order. After a long life of hard work he finally retired from leading the friars. At this time he was given the stigmata or imprint of the wounds of Christ on his own body. He also wrote the Canticle of Brother Sun. He died October 3,1226. He was canonized a Saint in 1228 and his Feast day is October 4. This book taught me that Francis was a rich man before he converted his life. I thought that he was always poor and he was showing appreciation for the things around him. This act of kindness makes me think of him as even a better person. This book also taught me that he didn't have that many followers at first. When he started it was just him. In 1221 he had eleven. Over more than ten years he hadn't made many followers. This book taught me that Francis not only gave up his fortune but he firmly believed in being poor. Not for one second would he have thought that being rich would have helped him more. From his point of view he had all he needed with him. This book taught me that people made fun of him for what he did. How could you make fun of someone that is doing such a great deed? He wasn't hurting anyone. He was just helping people. This book taught me that he made more than a Franciscan order. He also made an order for women and for lay people. His teachings were for all peopl e, and not only religious people. I liked this book because it got deep down into St. Francis' life and showed all of the good points. It sends out a good message to all people that read the book. I didn't like the book because it had a lot of stories that made the book kind of boring. They talked too much about rules instead of talking about what he did. The book was also to my liking because they used more action than normal biographies do. Normal biographies are usually all facts. This one had some stories and some neat quotes. St. Francis was a great man that teaches us a great lesson in courage. He gave up all that he had to just to help other people. These days that is very rare. People just don't want to follow in his example anymore. All Catholics should imitate his teachings. Bibliography The book mentioned at top of report

The Definition and Purpose of Political Institutions

The Definition and Purpose of Political Institutions Political institutions are the organizations in a government which create, enforce, and apply laws. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation for the population. In general, democratic political regimes are divided into two types: presidential (headed by a president) and parliamentary (headed by a parliament). Legislatures built to support the regimes are unicameral (only one house) or bicameral (two houses- for example, a senate and a house of representatives or a house of commons and a house of lords). Party systems can be two-party or multiparty, the parties can be strong or weak depending on their level of internal cohesion. The political institutions are those bodies- parties, legislatures, and heads of state- which make up the whole mechanism of modern governments. Parties, Trade Unions, and Courts In addition, political institutions include political party organizations, trade unions, and the (legal) courts. The term Political Institutions may also refer to the recognized structure of rules and principles within which the above organizations operate, including such concepts as the right to vote, a responsible government, and accountability. Political Institutions, in Brief Political institutions and systems have a direct impact on the business environment and activities of a country. For example, a political system that is straightforward and evolving when it comes to political participation of the people and laser-focused on the well-being of its citizens contributes to positive economic growth in its region. Every society must have a type of political system so it may allocate resources and ongoing procedures appropriately. Along with the same concept, a political institution sets the rules in which an orderly society obeys and ultimately decides and administers the laws for those that do not obey appropriately. Types of Political Systems The political system consists of both politics and government and involves the law, economy, culture and additional social concepts. The most popular political systems that we know of around the world can be reduced to a few simple core concepts. Many additional types of political systems are similar in idea or root, but most tend to surround concepts of: Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.Monarchy:Â  A form of government in which one person reigns, typically a king or a queen. The authority, also known as a crown, is typically inherited.Communism:Â  A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy. Often, an authoritarian party holds power and state controls are imposed.Dictatorship: A form of government where one person makes the main rules and decisions with absolute power, disregarding input from others. The Function of a Political System In 1960, Almond and Coleman gathered three core functions of a political system which include:Â   To maintain the integration of society by determining norms.To adapt and change elements of social, economic, and religious systems necessary for achieving collective (political) goals.To protect the integrity of the political system from outside threats. In modern day society in the United States, for example, the main function of the two core political parties is seen as a way to represent interest groups and constituents and to create policies while minimizing choices. Overall, the idea is to make legislative processes easier for people to understand and engage with. Political Stability and Veto Players Every government seeks stability, and, without institutions, a democratic political system simply cannot work. Systems need rules to be able to select political actors (the nomination process). The leaders must have fundamental skills about how the political institutions work and there must be rules about how authoritative decisions are made. The institutions constrain political actors by punishing deviations from institutionally prescribed behaviors and rewarding appropriate behavior. Institutions can resolve collection action dilemmas- for example, all governments have a collective interest in reducing carbon emissions, but for individual actors, making a choice for the greater good makes no good sense from an economic standpoint. So, it must be up to the federal government to establish enforceable sanctions. But the main purpose of a political institution is to create and maintain stability. That purpose is made viable by what American political scientist George Tsebelis calls veto players. Tsebelis argues that the number of veto players- people who must agree on a change before it can go forward- makes a significant difference in how easily changes are made. Significant departures from the status quo are impossible when there are too many veto players, with specific ideological distances among them. Agenda setters are those veto players who can say take it or leave it, but they must make proposals to the other veto players that will be acceptable to them. Sources Almond, Gabriel Abraham, and James Smoot Coleman, eds. The Politics of the Developing Areas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016 (1960). Print.Armingeon, Klaus. Political Institutions. Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science. Eds. Keman, Hans and Jaap J. Woldendrop. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016. 234–47. Print.Beck, Thorsten, et al. New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions. The World Bank Economic Review 15.1 (2001): 165–76. Print.Moe, Terry M. Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story. Journal of Law, Economics, Organization 6 (1990): 213–53. Print.Tsebelis, George. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. Print.Weingast, Barry R. The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development. Journal of Law, Economics, Organization 11.1 (1995): 1–31. Print.

Newspapers and the Future of Print Journalism

Newspapers and the Future of Print Journalism For anyone interested in the news business, it’s hard to avoid the sense that newspapers are at death’s door. Every day brings more news of layoffs, bankruptcies, and closings in the print journalism industry. But why are things so dire for newspapers at the moment? Decline Begins With Radio TV Newspapers have a long and storied history that dates back hundreds of years. While their roots are in the 1600s, newspapers thrived in the U.S. well into the 20th century. But with the advent of radio and later television, newspaper circulation (the number of copies sold) began a gradual but steady decline. By the mid-20th century, people simply didn’t have to rely on newspapers as their only source of news anymore. That was especially true of breaking news, which could be conveyed much more quickly via broadcast media. And as television newscasts became more sophisticated, television became the dominant mass medium. This trend accelerated with the rise of CNN and 24-hour cable news networks. Newspapers Begin to Disappear Afternoon newspapers were the first casualties. People coming home from work increasingly turned on the TV instead of opening a newspaper, and afternoon papers in the 1950s and 1960s saw their circulations plunge and profits dry up. Television also captured more and more of the advertising revenue that newspapers had relied on. But even with Television grabbing more and more audience and ad dollars, newspapers still managed to survive. Papers couldn’t compete with television in terms of speed, but they could provide the kind of in-depth news coverage that TV news never could. Savvy editors retooled newspapers with this in mind. More stories were written with a feature-type approach that emphasized storytelling over breaking news, and papers were redesigned to be more visually appealing, with a greater emphasis on clean layouts and graphic design. Emergence of the Internet But if television represented a body blow to the newspaper industry, the World Wide Web may prove to be the nail in the coffin. With the emergence of the internet in the 1990s, vast amounts of information were suddenly free for the taking. Most newspapers, not wanting to be left behind, started websites in which they essentially gave away their most valuable commodity- their content- for free. This model continues to be the predominant one in use today. Many analysts now believe this was a fatal mistake. Once loyal newspaper readers realized that if they could conveniently access news online for free, there seemed to be little reason to pay for a newspaper subscription. Recession Worsens Prints Woes Economic hard times have only accelerated the problem. Revenue from print ads has plunged, and even online ad revenue, which publishers had hoped would make up the difference, has slowed. Websites like Craigslist have eaten away at classified ad revenue. â€Å"The online business model just won’t support newspapers at the level Wall Street demands,† says Chip Scanlan of The Poynter Institute, a journalism think tank. â€Å"Craigslist has decimated newspaper classifieds.† With profits plunging, newspaper publishers have responded with layoffs and cutbacks, but Scanlan worries this will just make things worse. â€Å"They’re not helping themselves by whacking sections and laying people off,† he says. â€Å"They’re cutting the things that people look for in newspapers.† Indeed, that’s the conundrum facing newspapers and their readers. All agree that newspapers still represent an unrivaled source of in-depth news, analysis, and opinion and that if papers disappear entirely, there will be nothing to take their place. What the Future Holds Opinions abound as to what newspapers must do to survive. Many say papers must start charging for their web content to support print issues. Others say printed papers will soon go the way of the Studebaker and that newspapers are destined to become online-only entities. But what actually will happen remains anybody’s guess. When Scanlan thinks of the predicament the internet poses for newspapers today, he’s reminded of the Pony Express riders who in 1860 started what was meant to be a speedy mail delivery service, only to be rendered obsolete a year later by the telegraph. â€Å"They represented a great leap in communication delivery but it only lasted a year,† Scanlan says. â€Å"As they were whipping their horses into a lather to deliver the mail, beside them were these guys ramming in long wooden poles and connecting wires for the telegraph. It’s a reflection of what changes in technology mean.†

Memo on Earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memo on Earthquake - Essay Example Option #1 is to report it as an extraordinary loss separate from operations. And Option #2 is to report the loss in a continuing operation but treat it as a separate part in the income statement. These two options would require proper disclosure in our footnotes of the event. The reporting of extraordinary items (losses) has an advantage, that is, they are not included under normal operating income which will be construed by stakeholders and creditors as items that will not happen in the foreseeable future. Hence, the event’s effects on net income are not in any way reflects the true status of the business operation since it is not a recurring event. According to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 225-20-45-2 â€Å"extraordinary items are events and transactions that are distinguished by their unusual and by infrequency of their occurrence. Thus, both of the following criteria should be met to classify an event or transaction a s an extraordinary item†. CHHS has to decide whether the earthquake meets both criteria. Per FASB ASC 225-20-55-2 â€Å"An event or transaction of a type that occurs frequently in the environment in which the entity operates cannot, by definition, be considered as extraordinary, regardless of its financial effect.† On the other hand per FASB ASC 225-20-55-1 stated that â€Å"unusual nature is not established by the fact that an event or transaction is beyond the control of management†. Statistics gathered from Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC) showed that since 1969, there were about 99 earthquakes that shook the Bay Area with magnitudes of 5 or greater but only 3 have so far been recorded more than 6.7. With these statistics, it may be difficult to validate that earthquakes are infrequent and of a kind that would not be projected to happen in the foreseeable future. Should we were to report the damage as an extraordinary item; it will appear und er continuing operations as the net-of-tax of $16.5 million. Per FASB ASC 225-20-50-3 states that â€Å"The nature and financial effects of each event or transaction that is unusual in nature or occurs infrequently, but not both, shall be disclosed on the face of the income statement or, alternatively, in notes to the financial statements.† We can use this statement as our basis â€Å"to report losses under continuing operations but as separate component† according to Accounting Principles Board (APB) Opinion 30 paragraph 26. Under this reporting method, stakeholders and creditors are prone to analyze that there is still a risk that an earthquake will happen again, but the chance is little. Should we report the damage under this option, we would include the full $27.5 million loss as a separate component in continuing operations. Stakeholders and creditors rely on the income statement very much, their decision is dependent on the report we will submit. I am therefore r ecommending Option #2, that is, to report the earthquake damages under continuing operations but as a separate income statement component. Our stores are conspicuously located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, an earthquake-prone area, thus should not be included as extraordinary items. By reporting the earthquake damages as a separate component under continuing operations, we will be following the guidelines prescribed by FASB

Isolating the Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Isolating the Problem - Essay Example These have exposed the racist culture within the organization to the public. The major root problem has been the continuing harassment and discriminations shown towards minority workers and the negligent role played by the management towards the treatment meted out to the minority employees. The management has over the years been a mute spectator, or in other words, has encouraged the discrimination shown towards African-Americans working in the firm. The minority workers were subjected to blatant racist language and behavior by senior officials and lower salaries and even their grievance claims were completely ignored. If the management had spared time to look into this issue seriously, this public suing of the company could have been avoided. The then CEO of Texaco, Peter Bijur, had taken a wise decision of settling the lawsuit and in addition forming a task force to seriously handle the crisis within the organization, despite the difficult financial state of the company. However, what actually triggered such a behavior towards minorities and the main people who spearheaded such an unethical task remains to be resolved. In matters like this, identifying the core reason is crucial if the problem is to be rooted out completely. There is no record of such facts being analyzed both by the organization as well as the independent task force that was set up. The key players include the management and the minorities who were subjected to such humiliation. The management on its part has set up a task force to analyze the situation and provide useful solutions. Likewise the taskforce has also come out with proposals that would bring about a culture change. This includes hiring, promoting and retaining a diverse workforce. New recruiting systems were in place to increase the number of minorities including women. Scholarship and internship programs were set up for the minorities, thus helping them

Correctional Operations Essay Example for Free

Correctional Operations Essay Many nations and cultures have come up with official laws to protect their citizens from crimes. Over the years these laws have been in force, to help keep society from becoming anarchy. Different forms of punishments have been used to detour would be criminals. However you will find citizens still tends to break the laws. These days all countries have a justice system and a prison for locking up their threats to society. Many countries do sentence someone to death for an extreme form of punishment. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (Encarta, 2007) was the first legal record found in the Middle East. However, the Western nations seem to follow laws started by Ancient Rome (Encarta, 2007). Before long each city had a court and had established their own laws, to protect the citizens. Soon after the Roman Empire established the Law of Twelve Tables, to confirm their society. But most people believe that the earliest form of law can be found in the twelve centuries which is known as the Justinian Code (Encarta, 2007). For many centuries people have died or been punished for committing theft, rape, or unspeakable crimes. In 1532, the Holy Roman Empire created the Constitio Criminalis to punish criminals. But not every county followed that law, so these countries created their own legal system, where each county would deal with its criminals in their countries, when they needed to. For the most part, punishment was used to punish or deter these would be criminals. Life became more civilized with each passing century, as new punishments were created. Many people felt safer with laws that could protect them. Centuries later the Pennsylvania System was created by the Quakers, Pennsylvania became the center of prison reform worldwide. This happen when William Penn, Penn who had been confined in England for his Quaker beliefs abolished the Duke of York’s several criminal code which was in effect in other parts of British North America, where among other offenses, the penalty of death was applied for murder, denying â€Å"the true God† homosexual acts and kidnapping, severe physical punishments were used for what were  considered lesser crimes. The true root of the Quaker system was to create more humane treatment for criminals, they decided that criminals needed more constructive punishment and a place where they can be alone to repent and turn back to God rather than such cruel punishment. The Quakers believe that criminals could reformed and return to society as a change people. Prisoners were put to work in the prison so that their time could be used wisely. In the 1820s the Auburn System was in full swing, this system was different from the Quakers they believe in complete silence, smaller cells and any economic advantage over the Pennsylvania System. In the long run both of these prison system failed, then came along the Auburn System which modern corrections used their old method of old cells blocks and solitary confinement. Each county began hiring sheriffs and creating legal systems to deal out the punishments. Most people welcome the new laws and sense of safety, yet some refuse to follow them. Some criminals were lightly punished and some were killed, for the crimes they committed. The justice system grew into a major part of society; however, it was not perfect. . But not long many citizens felt that the criminals deserved what punishments they received. More jails were built and more criminals began challenging the new laws that had been established by the courts. Unfortunately, societies were being victimized by the criminals or gangs or criminals. So, many new sheriffs and detective agencies were established to help police the growing neighborhoods. Many people supported the role of the sheriffs and they volunteered to help as deputies. In the old times, criminals were tortured as a form of punishment, by the Roman Empire. Some criminals hang on crosses, killed by torture, and place in dungeons to die. For this reason many began to revolt against the Roman rule and they were punished as criminals too. Soon the Roman Empire fell and many separate societies began growing throughout the world. Before long, the Modern ages began and many prisons were built in the 19th century. Many countries were ruled by the King and Queen of Britain at the turn of the 19th century. Severely changes have happened to the justice system during that time. Which made life much easier for the citizens; criminals were locked away and punished for the crimes that they committed. Each criminal had to be found guilty by the court first, before they could be  punished. Many new laws were created, in order to help the citizen feel safe and keep the peace. However, some citizens still felt that capital punishment was to hash. By the 20th century, the British rule began to fade, as the revolution grew and many fled to the New World. Due to prison overcrowding, many courts systems were looking for ways to deal with criminals. Many courts began giving probation to petty thieves and criminals; besides locking them up. Soon young offenders were removed from the adult court system and dealt with in juvenile court. Then the court began looking for ways, to rehabilitate the juvenile offenders. Many schools and programs were created, in order to stop the troubled youth from becoming adult offenders. Also many adult programs began popping up; with the intentions to help rehabilitate small crime offenders. Some criminals were able to change and become productive part of society (National Archives, 2007). Alexander Maconochie came up with the concept of early release for hard work and good behavior, also parole which was created by Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish system, which we in the United State use today. Om the late 1800s reformatory system was established, some were given education classes, and early release and punishment was not the focus. However, some adults were unable to be rehabilitating by the programs, so eventually more prisons had to be built to house youth and adult offenders that were unable to be rehabilitated. After the justice system realized that punishments were not stopping criminals from committing crimes. Many scientist and doctors began studying the behavior of criminals, especially their childhood. Some scientist has found that many criminals have had troubled childhood, which may lead to their behavior. However, some criminals are raised in a good home; yet they still commit horrible crimes to date no one has come up with a magic pill that can stop these criminals from committing crimes. Many societies have tried to find a way to stop criminals, from creating a justice system to building prisons. However, no matter how history has tried to stop the criminals, they still seem to victimize helpless people. Maybe, with further study and a better understanding of why they commit crimes, future generations can stop them. But, at this point only prisons seem to help those, who have become habitual offenders. Hopefully, one day we can create  a magic pill or a way to stop criminals from hurting others. Until then, we must let the justice system work for us and our society The correction system in the United States have changed many times over the past years, many theories went from retaliation, physical punishment, reforming and back. The population of inmates in the United States and Federal prisons and jails has grown at an unprecedented rate in the past thirty years. Since 2000, the census of prisoners being detained in state and federal prisons has risen 13%. Since 1990, the census has grown 100% the census has grown a staggering 366%. The thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which was passed by the senate on April 8th, 1864 and approved by the House on January 31st, 1865 and ratified on December 6th, 1865 abolish slavery as a legal institution. The thirteenth Amendment stated.† Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction†. Right after the 13th Amendment was passed, the Black Code was created, the Black Code were laws in the United States after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the basic human right and civil liberties of blacks. As newly freed slaves would soon learn, freedom was not as they had anticipated. White southerners were anxious to regain power over them and used the law in order to achieve that objective, the code served as a way to control and inhibit the freedom of ex-slaves. The Code controlled almost all aspect of their lives and prohibited African Americans from the freedoms that had been won. Not only did the whites wanted to control ex-slaves but they need laborers. While things could no longer be exactly the same as in slavery, the whites found a way to guarantee that blacks would serve as their laborers. The whites encompassed some of the antebellum restrictions on free blacks, northern apprenticeship laws, they took their civil and legal rights, from marriage to the right to hold and sell property. Laws were different in each state but most embodied the same kind of restrictions. Commonly, codes compelled freedman to work. But in many states if unemployed, African American faced being arrested and charged with vagrancy. Many of those that did work had their days regulated. Codes dictated their hours of labor, duties and the behavior assigned to them as agricultural workers. Almost every aspect of their lives was regulated, including the freedom to roam; blacks were not permitted to enter towns without permission. In 1866 black codes were suspended by Federal officials who noted that the codes were too harsh and bias they decided that blacks should be subjected to the same penalties and regulations as whites. Along with the black code came the convict leasing system, this was the leasing of prisoners to private companies who would pay the state a fee for the service. Prisoners would work for these companies day after day returning to their cells each night while business profit from free prisoners labors. These black prisoners would survive less than six years; the death rate among these inmates was almost 45% for those in the south. Another way to keep free blacks in slavery was Sharecropping for those man who did not want to go to prison, sharecropping was the only way former slaves could survive . But the high prices and interest rate charged by store and land owners caused these blacks to be in constant debt. Another way blacks were kept was by chain gangs, the crimes was breach of a contract, even today there are some states that still adopt chain gangs like, Florida, Alabama and Arizona. Amnesty International one of the leading humanitarian groups said that the practice of chain gangs is inhumane, to use handcuffs, and chains etc. on prisoners is a violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Today prisoners have another dilemma to deal with privatization of prisons; privatization of prison is not new it has been around for centuries, private corporations are once again owning and operating prisons for profit. A controversial issue which dates back to the days that followed the Emancipation Proclamation, private prisons owners and manage prisoners making thousands of millions of dollars from prisoner’s labor while the prisoners earn nothing. The 13th amendment allows a form of slavery to exist legally, when we look at people who are jailed for nonviolent crimes within the criminal justice system, like the Black Code, Sharecropping and Chain Gangs and then privatizing of prisons the 13th Amendment shape slavery through the penal system. President Lincoln abolished the cruel and unusual punishment, but if we look there is a small part which we may call a clause that states, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crimes whereof the party  shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subjected to their jurisdiction†. The Amendment did not specify what crimes, felony, misdemeanor or even a traffic ticket; it just said crime and all of these are crimes. Yet we see many people not convicted of crimes and they are punished, placed in prison, locked up and work for fee. The 13th Amendment has reshaped and defined slavery the moment it was placed on paper. The 10th Amendment of the United States Constitution is a guarantee of state right. The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation. â€Å"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. When the 10th Amendment was introduced in congress, James Madison explained that many states were anxious to ratify this amendment, despite critics who deemed the amendment superfluous or unnecessary. The constitution designed the federal government to be a government of limited and enumerated powers. This is saying that the federal government only has power over the things that are specifically given to it in the constitution, all other powers is given to the state. The 10th Amendment noted that â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, or by the states are reserved to the states respectively or to the people†. I believe the founding fathers created this Amendment because they did not want the central government which is the federal government to become too powerful and did not want that government to tell them how they should live their lives daily. They wanted to give the local state power to control their own affairs to make laws and rules that their people can live by and not have the federal government total control of their affair. The 10th Amendment when it comes to the Florida criminal justice system and prison is this. Advocate can bring more cases under the 10th Amendment, which will have huge positive implication for freedom so long as the current constitution of the courts holds. â€Å"Federalism secures the freedom of the individual; it allows the state to respond through the enactment of posit ive law. As we see the 10th Amendment have been weakens somewhat by the by congress, you could hardly hear about the 10th Amendment in court cases in the years it was  adopted but not so today you find that a lot of cases using the 10th Amendment for their bases for filing an appeal. There were states that were protected under the 10th Amendment. Which the American Civil was noted was not workable so the 14th Amendment was created to extend the Bill of Rights and made it applicable to both state and federal government. We can see the 10th Amendment no longer holds the power that it once did, but today in Florida law makers is trying to use the 10th Amendment to privatize prisons. The 10th Amendment was written to reassure the state that they would remain largely in charge of their people; the 10th Amendment was always used to prevent federal regulation of everything including taxation. I believe the 8th should control the criminal justice system in Florida. The Amendment states that â€Å" Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. The 8th Amendment to the Constitution established in 1791, have three provisions; The cruel and unusual punishment clause, which restrict the severity of punishments that state and federal government may impose upon someone who have been convicted of a crime. The Excessive Fine Clause limits the amount that state and federal governments may fine a person for a particular crime. Then there is the Excessive Bail Clause which restricts judicial discretion in setting bail for the release of persons accused of a criminal activity during the period following their arrest but preceding their trial. Courts are given wide latitude under the Excessive Fine Clause of the 8th Amendment, fines which is imposed by ta trial court judge or magistrate will not be overturned on appeal unless the judge or magistrate abuse his or her discretion in assessing them. But the trial court judge is given less latitude under the Excessive Bail Clause. If the defendants meets bail or is able to pay the amount set by the court, the defendant is entitled to recover the pledged amount at the conclusion of the criminal proceeding, however, if the defendant fails to appear as scheduled during the prosecution, then he or she forfeits the amount pledge and still faces further criminal penalties if convicted of the offense or offenses charged. Since most of our defendants are indigent excessive fine is handling in a calm manner I believe. To me the most critical part of the 8th Amendment is the cruel and unusual punishment. In the case Furman v. Georgia the Supreme Court found that he death penalty violated the 8th Amendment the court noted  that â€Å"These death penalties are cruel and unusual punishment† today not much state use the death penalty but in our state of Florida the death penalty is still a factor. Recently the state declared a moratorium on lethal injection and a de facto moratorium on the death penalty. Finally I believe our criminal justice has come a long way but there is still work to be done especially with defendants being arrested and being treated as the olden days when slavery was in place. We still find our slavery taking place indirectly especially for black minority’s. We need our elected government leaders to stop playing politics and start working for the people who elected them into office. Judges and lawyers need to stop taking bribes and let the justice system work for the people. We as criminal justice majors must stop looking at the money we may make when we finish school and get our degree. And see how we can put what we have learned into practice to help our fellow neighbors or our community. Our justice system needs people with heart and backbones and I believe we as the leaders of tomorrow can do that. References: http://voices.yahoo.com/roots-history-punishment-512307.html?cat=37 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/#1 http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/8th+Amendment

Dystopia in Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Dystopia in Fahrenheit 451 Just by reading the first few lines of the opening paragraph of Fahrenheit 451, we get the feeling of a dystopia right away. Firemen burning books, instead of putting out fires that start in homes. Who ever heard of that? <AVOID USINING QUESTIONS, THEY WAEKEN THE PAPER.> This is crazy thinking right off the start, yet Bradbury carries us through as if we are travelers to this time and place. We are the unseen eyes that see the cataclysmic events that turn Guy Montag's life upside down. We watch him rise, then fall, then meet with outsiders like himself. We watch, how fugitives are tracked down using a mechanical dog, and how people love to watch the chase on their "off the wall" television sets. Could this be how Bradbury thinks our society is going to turn into? Maybe not as drastic, but maybe the censorship could happen, couldn't it? <I WAS UNDER THE IMPRSSION THAT THIS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A FORMAL PAPER, NOT AN OPINION PAPER.> Ray Bradbury is compared to Arthur C. Clarke as a "poetic science fiction writer" (Watt). This is so, because Bradbury takes a more elegant path to laying out his dystopia. People in his story are so into the now, and pleasure for the moment, that they forget the morals and ethics they came from, because they are clouded by smoke. <EXPLAIN WHAT YOU MWAN BY SMOKE.> Take for instance the wall-sized televisions. This became the populace's way of interacting with others without physically interacting with them. People on FURTURISTIC TELEVISION were your "family", who would keep you company and be your "friend". Still, a place where books were burned and houses were supposedly "fireproof", you have to admit this world is out of whack.<THIS SENTANCE IS SLANG AND MEANS VERY LITTLE.> If we look at Montag's wife for instance, we see how entrenched people have become AND just WANT TO BE happy,t carrying NONE for what happens to the ideas that are in books. I thin k Bradbury is trying to tell us not to rely TOO heavily on technology or it will consume us. In the future we may take books for granted, because they are the essence of free speech, and free ideologies. By HAVING the books burned, people forget, and have nothing to trace back, only leaving what is THE PRESESNT REALITY.

Don’t blame the eater

Don't Blame the Eater, Blame the Eating Industry In terms of personal health, the borders of proper nutrition are similar to that of a jail cell. Zinczenko points outs the restrictive nature of food within modern day Am erica. A generalized point of view that can be taken from this is that the fast food industry is incredibly convenient and affordable for necessary needs to live and thrive in modern day America. Zinczenko brings in examples that involve personal experiences in his family, as well as an argument that the convenience and affordability issues a large health problem itself.While obesity can be seens as ither a personal or societal issue, Zinczenko proposes that the issue on obesity is a societal issue based on the circumstances of cheap-and-fast fast food restaurants, which is a reasonable claim based on Zinczenko's point of view. Affordable, efficient, and convenient food may help the population, however, it is a market based on unhealthy practices. The author elaborate s on the convenience in a matter of personal story, in which his choice as a fifteen-year-old would be â€Å"McDonald's, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken or Pizza Hut† (Zinczenko 391).With this personal experience, he can sympathize with a population that needs fast food ecause he witnessed it as an â€Å"the only available option for an American kid to get an affordable meal† (Zinczenko 392). Luckily enough, the author managed to reach to college and fix his eating habits. He is reaching out to a vast population that shares a similar experience or lifestyle, which encompass a large amount of people, thus creating a personal approach to the topic of obesity. Along with his noted personal experience, the raw statistics and facts about obesity back his claim on fast food being a primary catalyst for obesity in America.Driving down the block to eat healthy is a bit of a stretch when there are â€Å"more than 3,000 McDonald's restaurants† in the country (Zinczenko 392). The crippling statistics under the cases of obesity since 1994 also carry a charming state of nausea and face-melting characteristics: diabetes now had more than one cause. Childhood diabetes was generally caused by genetic disorder before 1994, with only a 5% statistic being obesity-related. Today, obesity-related diabetes â€Å"accounts for at least 30 percent of all new childhood cases of diabetes in this country' (Zinczenko 392).The calorie counts in fast-food salads can ascend to â€Å"around 1040 calories,† and it is vidently hazardous when a salad can cost you â€Å"half of the government's recommended daily calorie intake† (Zinczenko 393). Obesity, on an objective point of view, is a developing problem due to the efficient and affordable nature of fast food. The author mentions his personal experience with fast food and how it is a problem beyond personal preference, and my personal experiences lead me to fully agree. With this in mind, fast food is a ve ry efficient source of food to me.With a hectic lifestyle or even a hectic household, fast food can be one of the few places to go. I do not have all the time in the world to get a proper source of nutrition. School and work constitute my time on a daily basis, and in that case, fast food helps relieve that time in order to focus on the priorities in my life. My source of coffee in the McDonalds, other gas stations) and my quick source of mediocre nutrition. In this day and age of living, food is not a big priority to people, it is always there at convenience.There is no time to worry about what you are going to eat because there is a test or report for you to do in class, or you have to make it to work on time; ime is very limited and restrictive. I can sympathize with Zenczenko's point of view on the need for fast food in a hectic lifestyle. Not only does the author mention the social stigmas that surround fast food and obesity, but also the crude facts that are the nutritional va lues of fast food and its impact on obesity.Although I do carry a hectic lifestyle, in which my go-to source of food would be a fast food place, it carries significant stress and impact on my life. Over the past school year, with work and school, my usual breakfast would include a Monster energy drink and a McChicken from McDonalds. Though this did not affect my weight, it affected my productivity. No physical withdrawals were the side effect but I was absent-minded to my convenience food intake that let me make it throughout the day.The author points out physical consequences of convenient food; however, I faced psychological and mental consequences when eating convenient food. Zunczenko proposes a very thoughtful understanding to the nature of obesity. The author constitutes the matter of obesity as a societal issue because of convenient food rather than a personal stigma. Our society hosts more than 13,000 McDonalds n its land, and since we continue to trade our money for their i nstant sustenance, I do agree that obesity is a societal issue.Expedient food helps shape the busy and it is good for the quick knick of hunger, but it is not good for the healthy nutrients our society actually needs. The convenience and affordability of â€Å"food† from the fast food industry is the convicted criminal that is building bad health habits and furthering obesity in todays society. Works Cited Zinczenko, David. â€Å"Don't Blame the Eater. † They Say, I Say. Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein. New York: W. W. Norton ; Company, Inc. , 2012. 391-394. Don’t Blame the Eater David Zincked up to the point that we have to take ‘personal responsibility for our rise in obesity, I cannot agree that he targets his opinion on that fast food restaurants are to blame. In my opinion the personal responsibility is on the parents in how they choose to teach, guide or show by example on how to make healthy choices. Temptations are everywhere, our parents tell us not to eat dirt, so we don't so why is the choice of something healthy over Junk so difficult.Let us take for instance when our kids go off to school, majority of parents pack their kids' inches, usually consisting of a drink, sandwich, vegetable or fruit, and a small treat. It is when our kids are at home that parents tend to forget the healthy choice and choose the cardboard box processed foods, or the, pop in the microwave dinners, that are contributing to the obesity in their children.Convenience is not the healthy choice. Our school systems have also recognized the need for more healthy alternative s within their cafeterias offering the breakfast and hot lunch program making the overstretched, over committed parent comfortable with knowing that at least at school our kids are eating healthy. Vending machines have been thrown out, leaving little to no temptation. So should parents not do the same within their homes?So should we sue our parents for our obesity or the McDonald's down the street who is only trying to build their sales like any other department store? You don't need to count calories to know If something Is healthy. You should Just know that a hamburger and fries Is not the better choice compared to a salad and fruit drink. I say â€Å"teach your children that If they don't know what they are eating, don't eat It' ‘ Make the healthy choice and get outside!

How Dreams and Dreaming Affect Individual Characters

Explore how dreams and dreaming affect individual characters in the novel. Remember to consider how the American Dream is represented in your answer. In the novel most of the characters have a dream. Each of the characters seem to have a sense of loneliness in each of their lives and their dreams are the things that keep them hoping for something better than their lives on the ranch. Lennie’s dream for one is based on his childlike personality, he wants to be with George and ‘tend to the rabbits’.At every point in the novel where he believes his dream will be compromised you see him fill with rage and throw a tantrum like a child would. When something goes wrong his brain comes back to the rabbits and how he can’t bear to loose his dream, this drives him to try and cover up or runaway from his wrongful acts. Lennie’s dream is tied to George’s and without George his dream is very unlikely to happen. Moving onto George, at first it seems his dre am is based on leaving Lennie to live his life as he chooses but as the novel progresses it becomes clear that he shares a dream with Lennie.This would be to ‘have a little house’ and ‘live off the fatta the lan’ and in this dream Lennie gets to ‘tend to the rabbits’. Compared to Lennie’s very childlike outlook on their dream George is very practical in his way of thinking for example his dream includes having ‘a cow and some pigs’ and ‘have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens’ so that they can ‘live off the fatta the lan’. A lot of the men in the novel that move from place to place often dream of having their own place, something that can belong to them and being their own boss.George is possibly the only person that gets close to his dream being achieved with a little help from Candy. Another character with a dream is Curley’s wife, who wants to be ‘in the moviesâ₠¬â„¢. Her dream is based upon naivety and how she is very easily led to believe things. On two occasions she has been fooled into this way of thinking once when she ‘was a kid’ and a show came to town and ‘one of the actors. He says I could go with the show’ but her mother wouldn’t allow it. On the second occasion she ‘met a guy, an’ he was in pitchers’ and was told ‘he was gunna put me in the movies.Says I was a natural. Soon’s he got back to Hollywood he was gunna write to me about it. ’ She never received a letter and blames it on her mother once again, the way she talks about it is though she knows that it wasn’t going to happen but can’t bear admitting it so she makes her mother the scapegoat. Also she talks about her dream as though it’s in the past and wont progress any further than that. Candy and Crooks both dream of not being alone and a better life away from the ranch which is ul timately the true ‘American Dream’.Most of the conflicts that happen in the novel can be blamed upon the so called ‘American Dream’ when the dream world and reality collide. The American Dream contradicts itself by claiming it will do thing, for example equality when in reality Curley’s wife and Crooks are shown to have next to no presence on the ranch just because she is a woman and he is black. By the end of the novel it become clear to George that bitter Crooks is correct, his dream will never be achieved. Overall the novel highlights the impossibility of the ‘American Dream’ ever being achieved. In the end not one person has achieved their dream.

Drug Testing or Personal Freedom essays

Drug Testing or Personal Freedom essays Drug Testing or Personal Freedom? Should school officials be allowed to perform random searches, urine testing and other tactics to prevent drug use in our schools? The answer is no because these policies invade personal freedom. The fourth amendment of the Bill of Rights protects United States Citizens from such warrant-less searches without reasonable suspicion. My junior year in high school, I had my first encounter with Mrs. Sherry H. Mrs. H. taught American History, which focused a lot on civil rights and laws. It was only an hour class and every minute was worth listening. Class discussions were very political, but that was her way of getting us ready for the real world. Seeing things with open eyes was one of her favorite sayings. She strongly encouraged us to stand up for what we believed in, whether it was constitutional or unconstitutional. In 1996, a random school search took place at W. F. High. Marijuana was found on school property. Though the shocking news traveled fast, nobody knew details of what was found or where it was found. Four years prior Savannah -Chatham County Board Of Education adopted a Safe School Plan, better known as zero tolerance for drugs, alcohol, and weapons. The board also followed up with a specific Drug Free Workplace (DFWP) for its employees. Its purpose is to deter user and abusers of alcohol, drugs and other controlled substances. Mrs. H.s car was searched and marijuana was found. Mrs. H. was instructed to take a drug test within two hours of the notice. We all knew how much Mrs. H. was against drug tests and random searches. Just by the way she watch the police like a hawk, making sure we were not violate of our right. Nobody knew this was the last time we would see Mrs. H. at W. F High. She was fired after refusing to take the drug test. The school board said it was an act of insubordination refusing to take the d...

Honoring Architect I.M. Pei and the Glass Pyramid

Honoring Architect I.M. Pei and the Glass Pyramid Architect Ieoh Ming Pei (born April 26, 1917 in Canton, China) is known for using large, abstract forms and sharp, geometric designs. His glass-clad structures seem to spring from the high-tech modernist movement. In the U.S. Pei is popularly known for designing the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Ohio. Winner of the 1983 Pritzker Architecture Prize, Pei is more concerned with function than theory - his writings are few. His works often incorporate traditional Chinese symbols and building traditions. In Chinese, Ieoh Ming means to inscribe brightly. The name Peis parents gave him proved prophetic. Over a decades long career, Ieoh Ming Pei has designed more than fifty buildings around the world, ranging from industrial skyscrapers and important museums to low income housing. Fast Facts: I.M. Pei Occupation: ArchitectAlso Known As: Ieoh Ming PeiBorn: April 26, 1917 in Canton, now Guangzhou, ChinaParents: Lien Kwun and Tsuyee Pei, banker and financier at the Bank of ChinaEducation: B.Arch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1940), M.Arch.  Harvard Graduate School of Design (1946)Key Accomplishments: 1983 Pritzker Architecture Prize, Designer of Modern Architecture such as the Louvre Pyramid (1989) in Paris and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (1995) in OhioSpouse: Eileen LooChildren: Three sons, T’ing Chung (T’ing), Chien Chung (Didi), and Li Chung (Sandi), and one daughter, LianeFun Fact: Pei overstayed his student visa after graduating from MIT but became an American citizen in 1954 Early Years Marriage Pei grew up in privilege - his father was a prominent banker - and graduated from prestigious Anglican schools in Shanghai. With a student visa in hand, the young Pei arrived at Angel Island Immigration Station in San Francisco, California on August 28, 1935. His plan was to study at the University of Pennsylvania, but he found a better fit at the schools near Boston, Massachusetts. In 1940 he earned a B.Arch. in architecture and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In the middle of his studies at MIT, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred in China. Unrest in the Pacific and with China at war with Japan, the young graduate was unable to return to his homeland. From 1940 to 1942 Pei took advantage of a MIT Traveling Fellowship. At a nearby womens college Pei met his future wife, the Chinese-born Eileen Loo (1920–2014), who graduated from Wellesley College in 1942. They married and both attended Harvard Graduate School of Design, he earning a M.Arch. degree in 1946 and she studying landscape architecture. At Harvard, I.M.Pei studied under Bauhaus modernist architect Walter Gropius. During the World War II years, Pei worked at the National Defense Research Committee in Princeton, New Jersey from 1942 to 1944. Back at Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1945 to 1948 Pei was an Assistant Professor at Harvard Graduate School of Design. The couple traveled again in 1951 on Harvards Wheelwright Traveling Fellowship. Between 1944 and 1960, the couple had three sons and one daughter. In 1954 Pei became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Professional Years In 1948 Pei was recruited by New York City developer William Zeckendorf to work for his company, becoming Director of Architecture at Webb Knapp, Inc. for over a decade. Peis urban renewal buildings during this time established his personal business beginning in 1955, from I. M. Pei Associates to I. M. Pei Partners and the better known Pei Cobb Freed Partners. Eason Leonard and Henry N. Cobb had worked with Pei since 1955, but became founding partners of Pei Cobb Freed Partners. James Ingo Freed was partner until his death in 2005. Since 1992, Pei Partnership Architects has been a business with his sons, Chien Chung Pei and Li Chung Pei. In 1976 I.M. Pei Partners had a business nightmare when a new skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts started losing its reflective glass facade panels. Pei hadnt designed the mirrored John Hancock Tower near Trinity Church, but his name was on the architecture firm. Henry Cobb was the design architect of the Hancock Tower, but the Pei organization took the hit in publicity. Pei spent a good part of the rest of his career designing glass structures to show the world he knew how to build with framed glass. In 1983 Pei was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize. With the prize money, Pei established a scholarship for Chinese students to study architecture in the United States provided they return to China to practice architecture. Important Buildings Considered one of the first skyscrapers in Denver, Colorado, the 23-story Mile High Center was one of Peis early glass clad high-rises. Built in 1956, the Center is now the Tower as it was completely renovated by someone else who knows a thing or two about glass - Philip Johnsons architectural firm of Johnson/Burgee Architects. Peis 1970 Terminal 6 at JFK International Airport in New York City was not so lucky to be renovated - it was demolished in 2011. Visit the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado to experience Peis modernity without an emphasis on glass. This 1967 design is more similar to the 1968 Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, New York and the 1973 Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. - designed as asymmetrical sculptures. More mature museum projects include the 2006 Musà ©e dArt Moderne in Kirchberg, Luxembourg and the 2008 Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, Qatar. The glass pyramids used as skylights complemented Peis sculpture-like design of the National Gallery of Art, East Building in Washington, D.C. Its 1978 opening brought Pei national and international renown. National Gallery East Wing, Washington, D.C. Charles Rotkin/VCG via Getty Images (cropped) Major American cities often called on Peis expertise to bring exciting but restrained modernism to their urban areas. In Boston, Massachusetts Pei was asked to design the 1979 John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library and its extension in 1991, and the 1981 Museum of Fine Arts West Wing and Renovation. In Dallas, Texas Pei took on Dallas City Hall (1977) and the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center (1989). Pei has designed a number of buildings in Asia, including the 1976 Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Centre and the 1986 Raffles City complex in Singapore; the 1997 Miho Museum in Shiga, Japan; the 2006 Suzhou Museum in Suzhou, China; the 1982 Fragrant Hill Hotel in Beijing, China; and perhaps most importantly, the 1989 Bank of China Tower, his fathers bank in Hong Kong. I.M. Peis international reputation was cemented, however, with the controversial and highly successful new entryway into the very old Louvre Museum in Paris. The 1989 Louvre Pyramid created a skylit underground entrance that managed the crowds of visitors away from and into the aged museum. Louvres Pyramid Entrance, 1989, Architect I.M. Pei. Bernard Bisson/Sygma via Getty Images (cropped) The same year I.M. Pei was finishing the 1993 Four Seasons Hotel in New York City, he was also finishing another phase of the Louvre project - La Pyramide Inversà ©e or The Inverted Pyramid, an upside-down glass pyramid skylight built into an underground shopping mall near the Louvre. he Inverted Pyramid of the Carrousel du Louvre, Paris. Pascal Le Segretain/Getty Images (cropped) Quote I believe that architecture is a pragmatic art. To become art it must be built on a foundation of necessity. - I.M. Pei, Acceptance of the 1983 Pritzker Architecture Award. Legacy Repurposing Designs It turns out that the venerable Chinese-born Pei was not only a Pritzker-winning architect, but also an astute businessman. Its been said that Peis controversial Pyramid at the Louvre in Paris, France evolved from an early design for the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston, Massachusetts, eventually completed in 1979 with an extension in 1991. Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy chose Pei to honor her late husband, and Pei accepted the commission in December 1964. Peis initial design for the Library included a truncated glass pyramid symbolizing President Kennedys abruptly cut-off life, declares the Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, a design that re-emerged 25 years later in I.M. Peis design for the expansion of the Louvre Museum in Paris. And in 1995 he did it again in Cleveland, Ohio with the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - a glass pyramid. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland, Ohio. George Rose/Getty Images The inventive Mr. Pei is an elder statesman of modernism and a living connection to the age of le Corbusier, Gropius, and Mies van der Rohe. We should have figured that he was also a master at repurposing. The ingenuity of architect Ieoh Ming Pei is typical of successful architects - if at first one design is rejected, use it somewhere else. Sources I.M. Pei, Architect. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.https://www.jfklibrary.org/about-us/about-the-jfk-library/history/im-pei-architectNahm, Rosemarie. I.M. Pei’s Angel Island Beginnings. Immigrant Voices. Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation. https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/stories-by-author/i-m-peis-angel-island-beginnings-2/

Singapores Aging Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Singapores Aging Workforce - Essay Example Also, in Singapore, the government and employers need to focus on grouping the elderly and their talents before throwing choices at them. It has been believed that Asian countries, with their industrial boom, are busy facing the challenges of financial burdens and over population, where the aging population has a sizable share. In response to this the government and the employers alike have been weighing their possibilities for making use of this as a strength besides offering this segment of people a chance to explore various avenues and gain stability where finances and health care are concerned. The basic trend in Singapore's policy for its aging workforce is a progressive one. The policy implications for this attitude are the society at large as well as employer choices in the basic organizational framework. According to the recent trends, the government has made announcements in its latest budget that it will scale down the contribution rates of workers above 50 years of age so as to accommodate a higher rate of employability of older and low wage workers with a phasing scheme of the contributions to the CPF. Now, the worker earning $50 a month and aged 35 years or older will only pay the full new contribution rate of 13% at a monthly wage of $1,500. (Singapore Budget, 2007) Economic Implications In Singapore, the older low-wage workers are the ones who are affected the most by the changes in the economy owing to the fact that they invariably find it more difficult that most others to learn new skills and upgrade themselves. Apart from this, there is a serious dearth of ways to get re-employed if they lose their jobs where their families do not manage to effectively make ends meet. This has prompted the government to introduce Workfare in the latest budget in order to supplement the wages and savings of older low-wage workers. According to the 2007 Budget, this will also lead to various modifications in the CPF system in order to cater for those options that will complement the Workfare scheme. In this context, it must be pointed out that Singapore is yet to experience the phenomenon called wage supplements despite the fact this concept has been met with ample success in various other countries. For example, the US has developed the Earned Income Tax Credit which negates the level of income tax for low-wage workers. Instead, this act supplements the income actually earned by these people thus giving them more benefits and an impetus to pay taxes or contribute to the Provident Fund. Along the similar lines, the UK has a Working Tax Credit. The schemes provided under this plan have been useful as far as reduction of poverty is concerned, apart from encouraging people to work to show them that they can reach out to the government and the government will certainly reach back to them. For the Singapore government, the implications of these comparisons are many. On the planning boards, the problems in formulating and implementing such plans are clear. To start

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Consumer behavior - Essay Example It is not just limited to particular society or particular tribe, rather it is a generic characteristic of mankind based on which it aims for achieving excellence in different fields and further aims to outshine his fellow beings. Other factors that can be attributed to it include social mobility, social imbalances and social stratification in broader terms which brings about such desire in individual to belong to a class that is gifted and is termed a possessed one in terms of its belongings. It’s a continuous process, and those who have achieved some aim to go further up the hierarchy of social standing, and those who are at the bottom and belong to the lower middle classes and less affluent classes in terms of financial standing strive in their own way towards achieving a status higher than that of present. Income levels, occupation are few of the variables towards the determination of social standing and the subsequent aims against

Climate Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Climate Change - Assignment Example This pertains to the case of United Arab Shipping Company. In attainment of comprehensive discussion, it is vital to consider several aspects of climate change. This pertains to how climate change would affect the United Arab Shipping Company. Additionally, the discussion would examine how the business contributes to the detriment of climate change. In close relation to the same, the paper will discuss possible solutions that the company can afford towards the climate change situation. In a light sense, the company choice, of fuels, for automotives affect climate change. This pertains to combustion that releases carbon to the atmosphere. Oil fuels contain substantial carbon that is released on combustion of the same. In this sense, the carbon achieves its way into the atmosphere (Williamson 2008, p. 162). Such carbon contributes to the menace of climate change in the sense of destroy the ozone layer. In this perspective, it causes global warming. It is vital to provide a brief backgr ound to the company. The company is a large entity that was formed in 1976. Six states, of the Persian Gulf, formed this entity in the view of linking the same to the rest of the world. This pertains to Kuwait, Iraq, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE (UASC 2012, p. 67). The company possesses a corporate office in Dubai. In addition, it operates from various continents such as North America. The company operates by shipping traditional and containerized cargo. UASC is a critical company, as regards climate change, because it is one of the largest shipping companies in the world. Shipping companies are responsible for climate change in notable ways. To begin with, it is vital to note that ships and heavy vehicles utilize high proportions of oil fuel. In case of heavy oil fuel’s combustion, a high proportion of carbon dioxide finds its way into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is an environmentally destructive gas because it interferes with the operations of the ozone layer . The ozone layer thus allows for destructive levels of radiation. It is vital to note that such intensity, of radiation, amounts to global warming. This causes concern because further emissions would contribute towards worsening the situation of climate change. There are notable ways in which the shipping company can contribute towards efforts against climate change. Efforts are divisible into those that are immediate to the company’s reach. Other efforts demand a different level of commitment and use of resources. It is vital to note that there are organizations, such as UAESA (the United Arab Emirates Shipping Association), that commits towards mitigating climate change. They utilize their own operations in conducting such solutions. This regards the idea that the shipping industry contributes towards emission of green house gases. The fundamental view of climate change, according to this organization, regards the view that shipping contributes to 90 percent of world trade . The danger of shipping, towards climate, pertains to the view that ships carry significant weight of cargo. One of the UAESA’s notable initiatives pertains to design of ships. The organization has proposed a design index that entails innovation for new ships. An appropriate example regards having slippery bottom coatings on ships. In addition, these innovations entail air cushion streaming (UNEP 2007, p. 12). This is coupled with voluntary utilization of atmosphere friendly fuels and oils such as the lube types. In close relation to

Occupational Theory And Well Being

Occupational Theory And Well Being This discussion will be looking at the health needs of an individual and impact these have on health, illness and well-being, in relation to occupational therapy. Firstly it will look at the individual, identifying key aspects of their health and wellbeing. Then it will focus on Occupational therapy, looking at the impact occupational therapy can have on health and well-being. There are 2 appendices attached to enhance the readers knowledge but are not essential to the discussion. It will be set out as an assignment with clear headings. Nathan Como This discussion will be focusing on a 45 year old man called Nathan. He is a first generation British National; his parents were born in Trinidad. In 1984 Nathan married and had a baby. Nathans wife left him, and the baby, when they baby was one. Nathan was unable to cope, went to his doctor and was given antipsychotic medication. He was later diagnosed with schizophrenia (see appendix 1). A few years later, Nathan noticed he was struggling to breathe so went to his general practitioner (GP) who diagnosed him with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (see appendix 2). Nathan is an active smoker and has been since he was young. Nathan has not had a steady job since young but does work to support his family. Nathan was never a particularly social man but did begin to take part in the community when his son was young and his neighbors were regular babysitters. This discussion will focus on the impacts of changes to ones health needs and the effect this has on their occupational balance. Occupational Therapy There are various versions on the definition of occupational therapy. The world federation of occupational therapists (WFOT, 2004) defines occupational therapy as a profession concerned with promoting health and wellbeing through occupation. An occupational therapist views the participation in occupations as stimulating for an individuals health and wellbeing (Wilcock, 1993). It is important to remember that although occupations are often assumed to be healthy or productive this is not always the case as: binge drinking, smoking and risky sports, can all be described as occupations; these could all have a detrimental effect on ones health and wellbeing. It can be concluded that without the ability to complete occupations it can then be assumed that a person will not lead a healthy or productive life. Occupational therapists aim to identify an individuals occupational identity. This can be described as who the individual sees themselves as and who they would like to aim to be (Duncan, 2006). People all have a different view of who they are and how they see themselves within a community. This is important for occupational therapists to establish as each client they meet with will have a different occupational identity (another reference). Additionally it is core to an occupational therapist to establish the individuals occupational performance. This has been defined as some kind of purposeful and goal directed activity (Crabtree, 2003) or Duncan (2006) defines occupational performance as what his or her (the individual) physical, cognitive and social abilities are. Crabtrees (2003) definition of occupational performance includes the words purposeful activity. There is a great debate among occupational therapists as to the meaning behind purposeful activity (and if this indeed the r ight word to be used in a definition). A purposeful activity to one person may not be the same to someone else. For Nathan, carrying out simple everyday tasks may be difficult due to his breathing, so a purposeful task may be to have a shower independently. For others a shower may just be seen as a basic human need and not purposeful at all. It is all based upon the individual and what it means to them. When a person develops an illness there occupational balance can be disturbed and they need to re-adjust their lives to ensure they continue to have an occupational balance. Occupational balance can be defined as a combination of self-care, play, work and rest (Wilcock et al, 1997) or self-care, productivity and leisure (Le Boutillier and Croucher, 2010). Additionally that it is through occupations that a healthy physical and mental wellbeing is obtained (Wilcock et al, 1997). The college of occupational therapy (COT), 2006 suggests that individuals have a built in drive and need to be active and to partake in occupations. Occupation is central to the existence of individuals, groups and communities COT, 2006. Without occupations people would never reach the potentials within themselves or the world, (Wilcock, 1993). The COT report that if people are deprived of activity or have limited access to a wide variety of occupations both their physical and psychological health will suffer. Children take part in occupations largely to learn and develop whereas adults complete occupations to contribute to the community and to be rewarded for their contribution. It can be very important to some that they establish a role for themselves. For Nathan his roles within his life have developed and changed. He was a husband for a short time, a father to Saul, but this was partially shared with his neighbours. It is reported by the COT, 2006 that the older generation use occupations to support their independence and to give them a role within a community or society. Maintaining a routine of occupations, that, have meaning to an individual, can provide a structure and sense of purpose and direction to life to an individual. Irrelevant of disability/disease an individual can carry out a routine which can provide fee lings of identity, normality and wellbeing. Therefore any disruption to the routine thanks to illness, injury or environmental challenges can lead to dissatisfaction, disorientation and distress for the individual. Occupation is, therefore, essential for good mental health and wellbeing COT, 2006. When a person is unable to engage in occupation, whether due to personal, social or environmental factors, the occupational therapist works with her or him to develop skills, challenge inequalities and promote social inclusion COT, 2006. Occupational therapists believe that occupational competency (another reference) in everyday activities depends on the interaction between the individual; their occupations (the things they do) and the individuals environment. It has been reported that an individuals wellbeing is directly related to the quality of this interaction. Duncan (2006) reports that when an individual is temporarily or permanently unable to relate or engage in the roles, relationships and certain occupations expected of someone of a similar age and sex; within a particular culture, it can be assumed the individual has an occupational dysfunction. Kielhofner, 2009, states that occupational dysfunction occurs when an individual does not have the capacity to choose, perform or organise occupations or the ability to choose a pattern of occupational behavior that facilitates a quality of life. How would an Occupational Therapist Assess and choose interventions for Nathan? Reed and Sanderson (1999) report that there are 7 key reasons why occupational therapists should use models and the advantages of a model based practice. Models provide a link between theory and practice, define and focus the area of interest for the OT, provide a framework for assessment, intervention and evaluation, contribute to a sound philosophical basis, use of common vocabulary to communicate ideas, provides a professional unity and the use of common themes throughout all models; such as concern for the individual, the value of human occupation and looking at an individual holistically. Although models give a good grounding and starting point for occupational therapists, it is important to remember they are just that; a starting point. They do not include details on every aspect or outcome that may occur and they assume a basic knowledge of the key attributes expected of an occupational therapist. Models are used to guide practice but not to dictate. Models are sometimes used as the boundaries of the occupational therapy intervention, as practitioners come across new patients with varying conditions and they may not fit neatly into an existing model. It is important for an occupational therapist to note that models are inclusive not exclusive and in these cases the practitioner should be experienced enough to notice the need to perhaps adapt a model or develop a new one. An occupational therapist should also be mindful of models become out of date as practice is evolving all the time so using an old model may result in out of date practice (Feaver and Creek, 1993). Kielhofner (2009) discusses the Model of Human Occupation, within which he reports that volition (what values an individual has, the interests an individual finds satisfying and how an individual is able to interact within the world) leads to the choice of occupational activities (functional and dysfunctional occupations). If an individual has a mental health problem it may contribute to the i ndividual being unable to assess their personal interaction within the world and may result in a change in how a person interacts within the world (Crist et al, 2000); resulting in a change in their occupations. Nathan has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, as a result his views and how he is viewed within society has changed. There is a lot of stigma and stereotypes related to schizophrenia, a study by Angermeyer and Matschinger (2004) looked at the stereotypes a person with schizophrenia experiences. They concluded that the most common are people believing they are incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous. As a result individuals with mental health illnesses find themselves socially excluded, with no one to turn to. For an individual such as Nathan who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia but has been receiving successful treatment for a number of years, this could be extremely frustrating. Morgan (2007) reports that people with mental health illnesses are the most excluded population. This statement is also supported by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010). The definition of social inclusion is a debated one, it is highly inconsistent and comes with ambiguity. A report by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) argues that social inclusion is more than just engaging in community activity within the physical presence, as this doesnt necessarily imply that the individual feels included. Nathan began to attend community activities when his son was younger thanks to a family who would regularly babysit for him. They encouraged him to attend the local church and also become more involved within the community. It can be argued that although Nathan was actively involved in the community for a short while did he really feel included? The media portray schizophrenia in a bad light only highlighting the bad symptoms (mentioned earlier being incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous) and not addressing the positive ones or identifying that it is a manageable illness. As a result it is often recorded that not only is it a stereotype of the individual s who do not suffer from a mental health illness but also it is often the individuals with the illness who feel they are incapable to socialising with others and being involved for fear of how they may react. Individuals feel fear and rejection, as a result of their mental illness, and lack a sense of connection and belonging. Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) also identify that individuals who are not socially active within their community still may feel socially included, again emphasising the fact that it is not just physically attending community activities which can cause an individual to feel included. Other authors report social inclusion as being the ability of an individual to fit into a community by conforming to its traditional values of housing, education and employment (Lloyd et al 2006). Others refer to social inclusion including the social, psychological and physical components but emphasising the individuals sense of belonging and the importance of a support network (Labonte, 2004). However Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that feeling socially included must also include personal meaning, an individual should feel involved and feel connected to the community, not just simply an individual physically engaging within the community. Therefore all these views indicate that how the individual perceives themselves within a community will determine whether they view themselves as socially included; it is highly individual. From this information it would be hard to conclude as to whether Nathan was feeling socially excluded as it is an individual view. An occupational therapist would need to conclude with their service user what their view of social inclusion means to their specific environment. A study by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that the occupational aspects associated with social inclusion are; self care, leisure, productivity, occupational deprivation, occupational alienation, occupational balance, habits, roles routines an d occupational performance. It states that all these aspects help an individual to feel more socially included or may cause them to feel isolated depending. For occupational therapists, the three main occupational performance areas are self-care, leisure and productivity (work). A study completed by Moyer (2000) looked at the impact of work for individuals with mental health illnesses. He looked at work as a means of integrating into a community, not just as an income as work can be voluntary or within home management. He identified that work helps to develop a persons confidence, identity and self-esteem. It also establishes a role for the person within a community. Nathan has not had a stable job since he left school but has been working constantly. The reasons behind his nomadic style are not clear but could be due to his schizophrenia and the social exclusion he receives when colleagues, employers or customers discover his illness. It has also been recently discussed by Sweetsur, 2009 that many individuals with a mental health illness are seen to be critically ill and are not seen as people who are able to carry out work when well. S weetsur, 2009 also suggests that mental health institutions are not promoting people back to work or encouraging them to better themselves. If the people working with and for individuals with mental health illnesses are not promoting work then it is not surprising that society has the view that people with mental health problems are incapable of working. If an individual is not working they will not be fulfilling the productivity aspect to ensure they have occupational balance. Conclusion From the above information it is clear to conclude that one key trend throughout this discussion is the prominence of client centred practice. The fact that every individual is different and there is no clear definition, model or practice that will fit two clients. Using this information it is very hard to establish Nathans particular health needs as the information provided is limited. Assumptions would need to be made in all aspects of his life. It is clear from the above that occupational therapists believe to ensure an individual is healthy they should partake in occupations which are purposeful and meaningful to the individual. When an individual becomes injured, has a disability or something affects their environment resulting in them no longer being able to partake in occupations it causes an occupational dysfunction. Occupational therapists use models to help asses and implement plans for the individual although it is essential that the practitioner understands the limitations of models. References Angermeyer M and Matschinger H (2004) The Stereotype of Schizophrenia and Its impact on Discrimination Against People With Schizophrenia: Results From a Representative Survey in Germany. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30(4) 1049-1061. Accessed 03.11.10 via http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/4/1049.full.pdf Boyer G, Hachey R and Mercier, C (2000) Perceptions of Occupational Performance and Subjective Quality of Life in Persons with Severe Mental Illness. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health,15(2)1-15. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0eb.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5hid=105sid=89328e11-b7d8-4de4-97ad-93b4e1890459%40sessionmgr104 Cao V, Chung C, Ferreira A, Nelken J, Brooks D and Cott C (2010) Changes in Activities of Wives Caring for Their Husbands Following Stroke. Physiotherapy Canada, 62 (1) 35-43. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 College of Occupational Therapists (2006) Recovering ordinary lives: the strategy for occupational therapy in mental health services 2007-2017. London: COT. Accessed 01.11.10 via http://www.cot.co.uk/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/ROL_Vision_2010.pdf Crabtree J (2003) Occupational Performance. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 17(2), 1-18 Creek J (2010) The core concepts of occupational therapy: A dynamic Framework for practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Crist P, Davis, C and Coffin, P (2000) The Effects of Employment and Mental Health Status on the Balance of Work, Play/Leisure, Self-Care, and Rest. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 15(1), 27-42 Duncan E (2002) Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy. Elsevier Ltd, London. Feaver S and Creek J (1993) Models for practice in occupational therapy. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 56(2) 59-62. Gronkiewicz C and Borkgren-Okonek M (2004) Acute exacerbation of COPD: nursing application of evidence-based guidelines. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 27(4), 336-352. Honey A (1999) Empowerment versus power: Consumer participation in mental health services. Occupational Therapy International, 6(4), 257-276 Kielhofner, G (2009) Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia, USA Labonte R (2004) Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic. Health Promotion International, 19(9), 115-21. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/115.full Le Boutillier, C. Croucher, A. (2010) Social Inclusion and Mental Health, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(3) pp.136 139 Lloyd C, Tse S, Deane FP (2006) Community participation and social inclusion: how practitioners can make a difference. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 5(3) Accessed 02.11.10 via http://www.qldalliance.org.au/resources/items/2009/09/294410-upload-00001.pdf Lloyd C, Waghorn G, Williams PL (2008) Conceptualising recovery in mental health rehabilitation. British Journal of Occupational Therapy,71(8), 321-28 Molineux M (2004) Occupation for Occupational Therapists. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=-UeXMIL3B0Coi=fndpg=PR9dq=Molineux+social+exclusionots=-HzrxHwTFmsig=C1vzJYcR7HY6IcdicghK5D5aQAI#v=onepageq=Molineux%20social%20exclusionf=false Morgan C, Burns T, Fitzpatrick M, Pinfold V and Priebe S (2007) Social exclusion and mental health Conceptual and methodological review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 477-483. Retrieved 01.11.10 from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/191/6/477 Petty T (2000) COPD: interventions for smoking cessation and improved ventilatory function. Geriatrics, 55(12), 30. Reed K and Sanderson S (1999) Concepts of Occupational therapy (4th Ed). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Maryland, Usa. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=1ZE47g_IRTwCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=occupational+therapy+modelsots=sJkzgUie_Psig=6z3WRZ5AlTAfifSKZqPkkkO_n68#v=onepageq=occupational%20therapy%20modelsf=false Reilly M (1962) Occupational Therapy Can Be One Of the Great Ideas of 20th Century Medicine. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 16 (1) 87-105. Accessed 16.10.11 via http://moodle.essex.ac.uk/file.php/1640/future_OT.pdf Schermer T, Weel C, Barten F et al. (2008). Prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care: position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care. Quality in Primary Care. 16 (5), p363-377. Sweetsur D (2009) Schizophrenia and the work ethic: is it time to stop thinking and start doing? Mental Health Occupational Therapy, 14 (3) 106-107 WFOT (2004) What is OT? Retrieved 13-10-2010 from: http://www.wfot.org/information.asp Wilcock A (1993) A theory of the human need for occupation. Occupational Science: Austrialia, 1 (1) 17-24 Wilcock A, Chelin M, Hall M, Hamley N, Morrison B, Scrivener L, Townsend M and Treen K (1997) The relationship between occupational balance and health: A pilot study Occupational Therapy International, 4(1), 17-30. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/detail?vid=11hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 Yuil C, Crinson I and Duncan E (2010) Key Concepts in Health Studies. SAGE Publications Ltd. London. Accessed 04.10.10 via http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13029/49397/49397.pdf Appendix 1 Schizophrenia When someone believes untrue things about their cultural society and has considered to have lost touch with reality they are generally diagnosed with a form of psychosis such as schizophrenia (Morrison et al 2008). Psychosis itself is a persons belief in events in reality that are imaginary or unreal (NHS, 2010). Individuals who develop schizophrenia are will never be the same as another schizophrenic as they all bring their own individual experiences and symptoms (NICE,2010).Other mental illness involve psychosis, but what separates schizophrenia from bipolar disorder (a.k.a manic depression) for instance, is that the patients problems are not centred exclusively around their mood (Morrison et al 2008). Schizophrenics may also, believe that they have great powers and abilities (Morrison et al 2008), have strange changes in behaviour or find it difficult to concentrate even on everyday tasks (NHS, 2010). It is quite possible that Nathan could be further diagnosed as having paranoid s chizophrenia as his symptoms largely relate to this form of psychosis. Negative symptoms for the illness also exist such as low mood and being social withdrawn (NHS, 2010). There is some confliction within literature as it seems that personal and professional ideas differ with regards to recovery from schizophrenia (Rethink 2010). Professionals may view recovery as completely overcoming the symptoms of the illness, most patients, carers and some organisations try to view recovery in terms of achieving personal goals and targets such as returning to work or having an active social life (Rethink 2010 Morrison et al 2008). While some research suggests that some patients do make a full recovery (but often over very long periods of time), there is still variation between individuals and it is not the case for everyone (Morriosn et al 2008). For these individuals, finding ways of managing their illness through medication and therapy in order to rebuild their lives to a level that they can cope with, gives them and their carers their own personal sense of recovery (Morrison et al 2008). NICE, 2010 report that inequalities in mental health services are common and especially for clients from Afro-Caribbean origins to access UK services.